Share of recoverable energy:
Share of recoverable energy heavily depends on speed and stopping pattern.
The following are typical values (referring to total energy demand) for
different operation types
Main lines: 15%
Regional lines: 35 %
Suburban lines: 45%
Freight lines: 20%
The recovery rate actually reached in operation only exploits a part of this
potential. This is due to several reasons:
- Efficiency of backwards power train: The recoverable energy can never be
fully regenerated due to losses in backwards power train. Backwards efficiency
is comparable to traction efficiency (~ 80%).
- Receptivity of catenary: The supply system may be „non-receptive“ because
no other train is close enough to use it. In 16,7 Hz systems, non-receptive
catenary is rare (cf. General criteria barriers). Due to the 15 kV / 16 2/3
Hz system linked together nation-wide by a 110 kV supply grid, German DB has
very good conditions for an effective use of recuperation. As a matter of
fact, some experts claim that German trains use regenerative braking
exclusively “under normal braking conditions”.
- Braking power: Many times the electric braking power is not sufficient and
blended braking (cf. Description) is applied. Especially in freight operation,
the electric brakes are usually insufficient for braking the entire train.
There is little (if any) quantitative data on these effects. The following
table gives some estimates for 16,7 Hz systems:
|
Total
potential |
Correction
due to traction efficiency |
Correction due to catenary
receptivity |
Correction due to blended
braking |
Corrected
potential |
Main lines |
15% |
0,8 |
0,9 |
0,8 |
9% |
Regional
lines |
35% |
0,8 |
0,9 |
0,8 |
20% |
Local lines |
45% |
0,8 |
0,9 |
0,8 |
26% |
Freight
lines |
20% |
0,8 |
0,9 |
0,5 |
7% |
Source: IZT
Since modern stock usually has the capacity to recover energy during braking,
a big part of this potential is already exploited in today’s railway operation.
Nevertheless, some potential is not exploited due to the following reasons:
- Some old electric stock is not equipped with regenerative braking.
- In some vehicles (especially locomotives) the choice of the brake is up to
the driver.
The remaining potential is extremely dependent on the situation of an
individual railway company but may be up to half of the above values, i.e. ~ 3 -
13%. |